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The Siege of the Banu Qurayza occurred in AH 5 (626/627), after the battle of the trench.
Events
Muslim sources state that the Banu Qurayza violated the Constitution of Medina by not aiding the Muslims during the Battle of the Trench and even contemplated assisting the Muslims enemies.
Non-Muslim scholars state although the tribe did not not appear to have committed any overt hostile act, the tribe was almost certainly involved in negotiations with the enemy and would have attacked Muhammad in the rear had there been an opportunity. Marco Scholler believes the Banu Qurayza were "openly, probably actively," supporting Meccans and their allies.
Caesar E. Farah, a 21th century non-Muslim Islamic scholar
Prelude
Muslim sources state that after the battle of the trench, the angel Gabriel told Muhammad to not lay down arms, but rather to go and confront the Banu Qurayza [citation needed]
Mahdi Puya, a 20th century Shi'a Twelver Islamic scholar in his tafsir of verse 33:26 writes:
Siege
The Banu Qurayza retreated into their stronghold and contemplated their alternatives. As the Banu Qurayza morale waned (according to Ibn Ishaq), their chief made a speech to them, suggesting three alternative ways out of their predicament: embrace Islam; kill their own children and women, then rush out for a "kamikaze" charge to either win or die; or make a surprise attack on Saturday (the Sabbath, when by mutual understanding no fighting would take place). But it seems that none of these alternatives were accepted. After a siege that lasted several weeks, the Banu Qurayza surrendered unconditionally.
In Muhammad: Legacy of a Prophet, a PBS documentary film:
Mahdi Puya, a 20th century Shi'a Twelver Islamic scholar in his tafsir of verse 33:26 writes:
Surrender and judgment
According to Muslim accounts, Banu Aus pleaded to Muhammad for Banu Qurayza and asked Muhammad to appoint Sa'd ibn Mua'dh as an arbitrator to decide their fate. Their request was accepted. Sa'd ibn Mua'dh pronounced that all men should be executed. Muhammad approved the ruling, calling it similar to God's judgment. This ruling was taken to refer to all males over puberty, some 600-900 individuals according to Ibn Ishaq.
In Muhammad: Legacy of a Prophet, a PBS documentary film:
Mahdi Puya, a 20th century Shi'a Twelver Islamic scholar in his tafsir of verse 33:26 writes:
The killing of the men
Ibn Ishaq describes the killing of the Banu Qurayza men as follows:
In Muhammad: Legacy of a Prophet, a PBS documentary film:
Mahdi Puya, a 20th century Shi'a Twelver Islamic scholar in his tafsir of verse 33:26 writes:
Caesar E. Farah, a 21th century non-Muslim Islamic scholar writes:
The passage quoted above, Deuteronomy 20:12-14, reads:
Javed Ahmad Ghamidi, a 21th century Sunni Islamic scholar is among the Islamic scholars who believe that the judgement of Sa'd ibn Mua'dh was conducted according to laws in Torah, and points to the fact that Qur'an does not present this punishment for Jews.
The Quran, chapter 33 (Al-Ahzab), verse 26:
The spoils of battle, including the enslaved women and children of the tribe, were divided up among Muhammad's followers, with Muhammad himself receiving a fifth of the value (as khums, to be used for the public good). Some of these were sold soon after to raise funds for jihad.[citation needed]
Views
Muslim
M. Cherif Bassiouni, a 21th century Sunni Islamic scholar says regarding this event:
Non-Muslim
Karen Armstrong, a 21th century non-Muslim Islamic scholar says regarding this event:
John Esposito, a 21th century non-Muslim Islamic scholar writes
Sources
Ibn Ishaq
Sources regarding the Banu Qurayza are sparse: the only known mentions of this tribe are in Muslim sources, and date from no earlier than 150 years after the event. Some information - including the judgment pronounced and carried out on the tribe - is to be found in hadith accepted as sahih by most Sunni Muslims. (Shia traditions also report this, but Shia do not accept the same hadith collections.) Most details - such as the number killed, the siege, the speech given by Ka'b before surrender, Ka'b's decision to join Quraish, and Huyai's efforts to persuade him - derive ultimately from a single account, that of Ibn Ishaq. His work is among the earliest surviving sources on Islamic history, but he is considered quite unreliable by the main hadith scholars, especially Imam Malik. The attitude of Western historians towards both the hadith and Ibn Ishaq varies from general acceptance to near-total scepticism; see historiography of early Islam. This event has been documented in the History of Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari, which is one of the main sources of information about the early history of Islam.
Hadith
Various hadith treat of this event: A hadith attributed to Abu as-Sa'ib, the freed slave of Hisham b. Zuhra reports:[citation needed]
Sunnis tend to view this as Sahih and have included it in Sahih Muslim .
A hadith attributed to Abd-Allah ibn al-Zubayr reports:[citation needed]
Sunnis tend to view this as Sahih and have included it in the two Sahihs .
A hadith attributed to Aisha reports:[citation needed]
Sunnis tend to view this as Sahih and have included it in the two Sahihs .
A hadith attributed to Anas ibn Malik reports:[citation needed]
Sunnis tend to view this as Sahih and have included it in Sahih Bukhari .
A hadith attributed to Abd-Allah ibn Umar reports:[citation needed]
Sunnis tend to view this as Sahih and have included it in the two Sahihs .
A hadith attributed to Abu-Sa'id al-Khudri reports:[citation needed]
Sunnis tend to view this as Sahih and have included it in the two Sahihs .
A hadith attributed to Abd-Allah ibn Umar reports:[citation needed]
Sunnis tend to view this as Sahih and have included it in the two Sahihs .
A hadith attributed to Aisha reports:[citation needed]
A hadith attributed to Atiyyah al-Qurazi reports:[citation needed]